Governmental investments on the development of high-tech clusters are among the main policies for socioeconomic development, enabling countries to be part of global value networks.

Joana Pedro and Carlos Silva from IN+, together with Manuel Duarte Pinheiro from the Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, published an article proposing a bridge between the urban sustainability assessment and the spatial analysis, in order to better identify priority areas for intervention for sustainable urban development.

Joana Mendonça, researcher at IN+ and leader of the Laboratory of Technology Management and Policy, will present the results of the study “Knowledge and Innovation in the Algarve Region” in the Blue Hub laboratory event, next March 21, at Universidade do Algarve.

The Instituto Superior Técnico, with the support of Everis Portugal, is launching another edition of Lab2Market@Técnico. This is an acceleration program that will assign 250 hours of specialized business consultancy time to selected research teams. New deadline: March 17th 2019.

Altogether, there are 109 small testimonies that make up the new edition of the book Women in Science. There are chemists, physicists, biologists, archaeologists or anthropologists. Among them, Patrícia Baptista, renowned IN + researcher. All these scientists left a statement in the first person.

It is with great pride that we announce that Patrícia Baptista, an IN+ researcher, received an honorable mention in the category "Environmental and Energy Engineering".

Written by Catarina Seco Matos and Miguel Amaral, from IN+, together with Rui Baptista, from IST, Senior Entrepreneurship: A Selective Review and a Research Agenda reviews the most relevant research output on self-employment and entrepreneurship of older individuals.

Miguel Amaral and Nuno Arantes-Oliveira from IN+, together with Mário Vieira, Elsa Henriques and Luís Reis from IDMEC have recently lauched the paper Path discussion for offshore wind in Portugal up to 2030, for Marine Policy, the leading journal of ocean policy studies.

Last Wednesday, February 20, finalist students from Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Aveiro and Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, were awarded for the projects that best contribute to promoting sustainable energy systems and good energy efficiency practices in Galp's client entities, under the 12th edition of the Galp21 university cooperation program.

Hydrogen Combustion in Gas Turbines: Boundary Layer Flash Back Model and Validation

The project will be executed in close cooperation with industrial partners and the PhD student will be enrolled in the TU Delft Graduate School. The objective is to deliver a validated boundary layer flashback (BLF) model for an industrial gas turbine geometry.

2019 call for PhD scholarships will be open to researchers from all fields of knowledge, from February 28 to March 28, 2019.

The PhD Scholarships are competitively awarded grants to support the training of scientists in all areas of knowledge in obtaining a PhD degree. This year 950 scholarships will be awarded.

Written by Anabela Reis, together with Afreen Siddiqi and Olivier de Weck, this article presents a study on the development of six international aeronautical manufacturing firms across four continents, using empirical quantitative data and results from 103 semistructured interviews with senior executives and policy makers.

Advanced Cooling Technologies and Applications, edited by S. M. Sohel Murshed, covers a number of key topics related to advanced cooling approaches, their performance, and applications. This book is aimed at a wide variety of people from graduate students and researchers to manufacturers who are involved or interested in the areas of thermal management systems, cooling technologies, and their applications.

Since January 1st 2019, DeGóis is no longer allowing to create new CVs and FCT SIG will end this feature from March 1st 2019. Both platforms will allow editing existing CVs until July 1st 2019 but will cease in 2021. All researchers should create a CiênciaID and create their CV at CIENCIAVITAE.

Patrícia Batista was awarded the "Best Poster Presentation" award with "Capacity-sharing in logistics solutions: A new pathway towards sustainability", published in Transport Policy, co-authored with Sandra Melo and Joaquim Macedo, at the 16th national conference Transport Studies Group.

Researchers and practitioners in the field of entrepreneurial university and regional development are invited to submit a chapter proposal to a forthcoming book publication entitled Examining the Role of Entrepreneurial Universities in Regional Development.

A team of scientists from IN+, has developed in the Laboratory of Thermofluids, Combustion and Energy Systems the first carbon nanotube by controlling flame synthesis. This study will expand the scope of carbon materials synthesis using flame with enormous potential for large scale carbon nanotubes production.

ELECTROWetting heat pipes for cooling Applications in Electric Vehicles is a project leaded by IST-ID in partnership with UT Austin and FEUP. Started on December 1 and lasting 12 months, the project consists of proving the concept of novel heat pipe technology for multiple, disruptive, energy-related applications (patent pending) and showing its suitability in cooling the batteries of electric vehicles.

Sharing Lisboa is a project developed under the European Sharing Cities Program, which unites municipalities, citizens and private companies, with the objective of improving the quality of life in cities, through the use of new technologies and the involvement of the citizens.

Industry 4.0 is a key issue to address as the integration of digital technologies will profoundly change the production paradigm across the world, many of today's jobs will cease to exist in the future and many of the jobs of the future are yet to be designed.

"Characterization and Physical-Chemical Processes of Recovery of Rare-Earths in Residues", a thesis by the student Joana Rita Meireles Fonseca from IST and supervised by Prof. Fernanda Margarido, coordinator of the Waste Processing and Management Laboratory of IN+, was distinguished with the 2nd Honorable Mention SPM.

SMART Data Sprint is an intensive hands-on work, driven by online data and digital methods. During one week, participants will have the chance to attend to keynote lectures, short talks, and parallel sessions of practical labs. Afterwards, experts and scholars will invite participants to join projects and work in a collective problem.

The Lisbon City Council and the Sharing Cities consortium will launch this Friday the APP Sharing Lisbon, which brings together citizens, businesses and governments in cities such as Milan and London, aiming to help improving cities. Sharing Lisbon is part of the European Union Sharing Cities program, in which IN+ participates.

Prof. Joana Mendonça, director of the Laboratory of Technology Management and Policy at IN+, will be one of the speakers at the conference "The Challenges to the Future of Employment in the Automotive Industry" that will take place on November 9 at the Mangualde City Hall Auditorium.

The director of IN+ António Luís Moreira will be in Saudi Arabia to study the creation of new partnerships with IN+, by invitation of Dr. Mardson McQuay, Senior IP Attorney and Associate General Counsel for Research and Education of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), and Prof Robert Dibble, from the Clean Combustion Research Institute.

A delegation of representatives from industry and higher education from India, Nepal and Uganda will be in Portugal to visit Portuguese companies and assimilate good practices in industrial sustainability and environmental management, under CapSEM project.

The UBike Portugal Project - Operation Técnico provides electric bicycles to the academic community of Instituto Superior Técnico through a long-term rental model with a symbolic fee. The objective is to create and establish habits of regular use of this mode of transportation.

The Automobile Cluster Workshop will take place on November 14, at the Lisbon congress center, under the scope of Portugal Exporter, a business-oriented and networking opportunities event, organized by AIP Foundation, Novo Banco and Aicep Portugal Global.

Galp 21 is a university cooperation programme designed for assigning internships for energy efficiency research in Galp's client companies. In addition to a scholarship, the students covered by this programme are also automatically entitled to participate in a competition that awards the three best works done in each university, with monetary prizes that goes up to 2.500€. I

IN+ PhD candidate João Pires was awarded last October 1st, at the MIT Portugal 2018 Annual Conference, with the best poster under the category Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing.

Congratulations to Guido Lorenzi, an IN+ PhD candidate, who defended his PhD thesis last Monday, October 8th, at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, in Stockholm. His research was on Techno-economic analysis and optimization of electrochemical energy storage solutions and was approved with rating of Very Good with Praise.

Prof. Fernanda Margarido from IN+ will be one of the panel members of the Action Tank on "Dismantling for Recovery", at the BIN@Porto 2018, October 30, at 3h15 PM.

IN+, through Prof. Fernanda Margarido, is a member of the working group Circular Economy Strategic Pillar, which participates in the process of consolidating proposals for the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region (RLVT) Strategy 2030.

Applications are open for the 2018 edition of the Young Engineer Innovation Award. If you are a member of the Order of Engineers and are up to 35 years old, you can apply until December 28 to win up to 10,000 euros.

"Closure of multinationals: the capital that stands" is a study with co-authorship of IN+ that analyzes the importance of human capital for multinational companies and will be presented on October 3, at the Conference on Economy and Competitiveness 2018 (Jornada da Economia e da Competitividade 2018), at Casa da Música in Oporto.

Olga Savchuk, researcher at IN+, is one of the finalists of the Altice Innovation Award. The initiative is applicable to Portugal, France and Israel, and aims to award projects from finalist students (Master’s or PhD) and startups in the incubation phase who present innovative projects in technological areas relevant to Altice International’s core business, namely: Telecom, Media & Content and Data & Advertising.

Congratulations to Professor Fernanda Margarido, who completed her Habilitation (Agregação) at Instituto Superior Técnico in the area of Environmental Engineering. Fernanda Margarido is Associate Professor at IST/UL and maintains a reputed scientific activity at IN+, where she is the Coordinator of the Waste Processing and Management Laboratory, leading a research group on Materials Recycling of Wastes and End-of-Life Products.

Cities are responsible for 80% of wealth creation, 60% of total energy consumption and 70% of greenhouse gas emissions. Urban analytics enables us to better understand what happens and ensure better management and planning of city environments.

Pedro Pontes, a researcher at IN+, went to the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Jilin University, China, June 9 and 10 to receive the ISBE International Bionic Innovation Competition award. At the ceremony, Pedro summarily presented the work that has been developed at IN+, which earned him the prize, and visited the facilities of the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering.

With an increase in the average life expectancy, the decision to continue working becomes an option. Among other possibilities, one might consider entrepreneurship. Catarina Seco Matos, researcher at IN+, writes about senior entrepreneurship in the context of the Program Plan for Retirement, a voluntary-enrollment program aimed at training senior entrepreneurs on Volunteering, Entrepreneurship, Personal Finance, Health.

Professor Miguel Amaral (DEG/IN+) and Professor Ana Carvalho (DEG/CEG-IST) proposed the creation of a Laboratory of Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship at IST. The laboratory will be located in Taguspark, comprising a room for seminars and a workshop for the development of technological products with social impact. The Laboratory was one of the winners of the Projects for Pedagogical Innovation - PIP2018.

Researcher Catarina Seco Matos completed her doctoral studies at ISEG last March, under the PhD Program in Development Studies. Her thesis, entitled Aging and Entrepreneurship: Firm Creation and Performance among Older Individuals, was supervised by Professor Miguel Amaral and obtained approval with distinction and praise (cum laude) by unanimity of the jury.

On May 7, 2018, Hospital Santa Maria welcomed a session about the prevention of deafness, based on the presentations of Master's students in Otorhinolaryngology. The session counted with the participation of Professor Edgar Fernandes, researcher at IN+, as a member of the jury.

The food basin is the area that supplies a city with food and it is important to know it to promote strategies for urban food planning," says Samuel Niza to the newspaper Público, in a feature article about the old ways and the people who brought food to Lisbon and what we can learn from them. Read more >>

Samuel Niza, researcher at IN+, speaks in a Público's feature article about efficient food distribution. Excerpt: "Those who produce food on a small scale find it difficult to transport them. The solution is to create shorter circuits; and, in some cases, more logical ones..." Read more >>

Joana Mendonça and Anabela Reis (IN+) share article on the Evolução das competências numa era digital [Evolution of skills in the digital age], published in Robótica. "O crescente uso de tecnologias digitais permite automatizar os processos produtivos, exigindo por isso trabalhadores cada vez mais qualificados, capazes de acompanhar esta mudança tecnológica..."

Please see March's highlights, the calendar for March, opportunities, funding and other important information in IN+ Newsletter for April of 2018.

Three Mechanical Engineering students from Tecnico Lisboa will be awarded monetary prizes for their outstanding work in the context of the cooperation programme Galp 21. The Award Ceremony took place on April 18, in GALP's Auditorium. Read more >>

SMART CAMPUS has been identified as one of three Tecnico projects that will feature in the recently launched Innovation Radar Platform. The initiative aims to develop an ecosystem of incubators, entrepreneurs, funding agencies and investors that can help get EU-funded innovations to market. Among these projects is IN+ SMART CAMPUS, a CIP innovation project.

In the context of the Sharing Cities Program, more than 100 representatives from 25 European cities will be in Lisbon, from April 10 to 13, for a series of events and workshops that hope to promote innovation and entrepreneurship for smart cities. The European program aims to develop and share intelligent, innovative and replicable urban solutions. In Lisbon, the program has eight partners, including Técnico Lisboa, through IN+.

Pedro Pontes, a research fellow at the Laboratory of Thermofluids was one of the award winners of the first ISBE Bionic Innovation Competition. The competition, sponsored by Jilin University, started in July 2017 and has attracted the worldwide consideration of the ISBE members. Pedro Pontes received one of the 20 Tertiary Prizes attributed, with the work Bioinspired surfaces for two-phase heat transfer applications.

The Materials Science Marathon, organised by Materials Engineering Student Group (NEMat), took place last Tuesday, March 20. Focusing on the future of industry 4.0 and the role of materials engineers, the event included the participation of Professor Fernanda Margarido in the debate Compósitos 4.0.

Please see February's highlights, the calendar for March, opportunities, funding and other important information in IN+ Newsletter for March of 2018.

Professor Fernanda Margarido was in Nepal last week, March 7, to give a talk on strategic metals, at the invitation of Professor Arun Timalsina, from the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University.

Professor Fernanda Margarido was in Nepal between March 4-8, for a mid-term meeting and worksop in Kathmandu University, focusing on Industry Case Study presentations. This meeting follows last year's event, hosted by IN+, when it was agreed that partners would proceed with the training of industry partners and promote internships with the local industry.

The MIT Portugal Program is helping to organize the next International Workshop on Innovating (IWI 2018), to take place at the MIT campus (Cambridge, Mass.) on June 11-15, 2018. Application deadline on March 18, 2018 (11H59 EDT). Accepted applicants who are currently part of the MIT Portugal Program or are alumni may qualify to receive a subsidy, covering the fee and possibly other expenses. More information here >>

The São Paulo School of Advanced Science on Renewable Energies twill be held in São Paulo , Brazil, between July 23 and August 3, 2018. The event is free of any cost to a selection of 100 students around the world. Online application is available at the website. The deadline is April 15th, 2018.

Professor Joana Mendonça was at the College of Management of Technology, EPFL, on March 2 to give a seminar on Learning how to fly: Integration of Small Technology-Based Firms in Aeronautics. Her paper examines the role of small technology-based firms (TBF) in aeronautics industrialization processes, using Embraer as case study.

ILASS-EUROPE is a non-profit organization for those working on theory, physics, instrumentation, measurements, computation, analyses and applications of liquid atomization and sprays. ILASS-Europe is also on Facebook. Please see attached their March newsletter, where you can find news, future and past events, funding opportunities, job openings and other relevant announcements.

FCT's 2018 Call for PhD Scholarships is now open. Applications run from 28 February to 17h (Lisbon time) of 28 March 28, 2018. In this call, 950 scholarships will be awarded. More information >>

Please see January's highlights, the calendar for February, opportunities, funding and other important information in IN+ Newsletter for February of 2018.

Joana Mendonça co-authored a news article on the Career patterns for doctorate holders in Portugal. As Portugal's higher education system matures and a lower number of doctorate holders are absorbed, there is more availability of these qualified resources in the labour market. Read more >>

"Information on business incubators is rare and is dispersed by different entities, concludes a study from the University of Coimbra, which argues that the sector needs to know itself better." [LUSA] The study was authored by Gonçalo Brás and supervised by Miguel Torres Preto, a researcher at IN+.

Please see December highlights, the calendar for January, opportunities, funding and other important information in the first IN+ Newsletter of 2018.

Mobinov presented a study on the automobile industry in Portugal yesterday at the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria. The study, commissioned to Deloitte, can be consulted inside. Besides the industrial partners, the cluster integrates several national organizations oriented towards research and innovation or higher education, among which Tecnico, represented by IN+. [LUSA]

"O Colégio F3 da Universidade de Lisboa reúne diferentes faculdades num estudo alargado sobre a forma como as cidades se alimentam (...)" A series of seminars about urban food started this Thursday. Samuel Niza was one of the speakers at this first event, previously announced by IN+, and he spoke briefly to Público about his work.

The applications for Fulbright Scholarships for the academic year 2018/2019 supported by FCT are open until January 31. These scholarships "are intended for PhD students directly financed by FCT that have planned, in the framework of their training plan, a period of research at a university or research centre in the United States". Read more >>

The kick-off of the project SMART – HEAT is scheduled for the February 1st. The collaborative research between IN+ and the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of the Ministry of Education of China uses biomimetic and bioinspired design to develop micro and nano functionalized surfaces enhancing heat and mass transfer for industrial applications.

Since 2009, IN+ has organized ThermoCup, an experimental activity for school students. The experiment aims at building a boat with a flame-powered engine and exploring concepts of mechanics and thermodynamics. On December 20, IN+ organized a ThermoCup with the young people who attend the Center for Arts and Education.

Work developed by IN+, CERENA and LNEG on lithium extraction features in Jornal Económico. A special thanks to Professor Carlos Nogueira for his interview.

Professor Fernanda Margarido obtained the classification of 'Excelent' in the course unit evaluation questionnaires (QUC) for 2016-2017 in the class "Extraction Processes". The professor is a researcher at IN+ and responsible for the Waste Processing and Management Laboratory, as well as an Associate Professor at Tecnico Lisboa.

Open call to apply for a PhD Scholarship under the MIT Portugal Program until January 3, 2018. The scholarships, to study in Portugal and MIT, are funded by FCT and are available in the Program's four areas, including Sustainable Energy Systems, a program partly coordinated by IN+.

A team of researchers from IN+, CERENA and LNEG developed a simplified method of processing lithium ores existing in Portugal, containing lepidolite from the region of Gonçalo, Guarda. This method allows to reduce the energy consumption of the extraction of lithium of the ore, making the process more efficient and economic. Read more >>

Alfaces na avenida. Estratégias para (bem) alimentar a cidade is a reflection on urban planning and public policy in the matters of food supply. Samuel Niza, researcher at IN+ and author of the chapter 'O sistema alimentar no contexto do metabolismo urbano da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa', writes about the importance of studying the flow of food resources, as well as their potential impact.

Professor Edgar Fernandes, director of Thermofluids, Combustion and Energy Systems, visited Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA) on November 29, at the invitation of Professor Elizabeth Duarte, for a seminar on Biofuels versus Traditional Fuels.

IST and IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research welcomed the international partners of project CapSEM – Capacity Building in Sustainability and Environmental Management in Lisbon, from November 15th to 17th, for three days of knowledge exchange and updates regarding the project.

IN+ is part of the E-University project team, a project funded by FCT that aims to explore the entrepreneurial activity of the Portuguese public universities and polytechnic institutes and assess their impact in regional dynamics. Thus we invite students, researchers, teachers and collaborators to complete the following questionnaire. More information inside.

"Twenty-two representatives from higher education institutions in Uganda, India, Nepal, Portugal, Norway and the Netherlands and saw live presentations of the work of Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, EDP D, Instituto Superior Técnico (represented by IN+) and Circular Economy Portugal in the areas of green energy, sustainability and the economy."

Please consult IN+ recent publications.

A recent FAE / Exame (Expresso) partnership elected the 40 Managers of the Future under 40 and the final list of managers includes Pedro Nazareth in the 18th position. Pedro Nazareth is a former student and researcher of IN+ and the current Director of Amb3E: Associação Portuguesa de Gestão de Resíduos.

Suscity announces fellowship in Energy through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). Applicants must have a degree in in Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Management or related areas. They must show proven knowledge of GIS tools, databases, 3D representation and, preferably, in data analysis (big data). Research is to be developed at IN+. Deadline: November 16

Calls for Innoenergy PhD School Open until November 5th. The Innoenergy PhD School supports PhD sudents studying energy topics, such as smart cities, smart grids, smart buildings, storage, among other topics.

An IN+ project, CONT(R)A aims to bring awareness to Tecnico's community on the matter of energy efficiency, hoping to make people "rethink their habits and show them what their consumption is, the costs associated with it, and how to behave differently", says Diogo Henriques, the project's mentor.

Emanuele Teodori presented his work at the 21st PubhD in Lisbon for the second anniversary of the event. Emanuele is a PhD researcher at IN+, investigating the properties of liquid boiling on certain surfaces, such as absorbent surfaces. His study will have applications in the cooling of electronic components.

The Buildings dashboard is a digital platform for urban energy management, developed through MIT Portugal in partnership with the University of Minho. The article is focused on the solutions presented by the dashboard to increase energy efficiency in buildings, relying on the expertise of Cláudia Sousa Monteiro, MIT Portugal PhD Candidate and researcher at IN+ in Instituto Superior Técnico; and Maribel Santos from the University of Minho.

The weekly research meetings of IN+ LEIS (Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Sustainability) have started on September 29th, at TagusPark. The first session included a presentation by the LEIS Director, Professor Carlos Silva, and an explanation of bureaucratic procedures by the Support Team.

FIRES-consortium members and IN+ researchers Miguel Amaral and Catarina Matos attended and presented work at the 2017 WINIR conference in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The participation of our colleagues and remaining consortium members was a concerted effort to reach out to the academic stakeholders in the project and collect their feedback and suggestions.

André Pina (IN+ and MIT Portugal Alumni), Claudia Sousa Monteiro (IN+ and MIT Portugal PhD Candidate) and Maribel Santos (Algoritmi Center - University of Minho), three of the main researchers of the project, were interviewed by Exame Informática Magazine about the Dashboard.

We are proud to share the recognition of André Pina by the University of Lisbon-Santander Universidades Awards 2017, in the topic of Environmental and Energy Engineering. The awards aim to reward excellence in scientific research and encourage the publication of articles in international journals of recognized quality.

IN+ takes project on Biogas Diagnosis and Monitoring to Stockholm for the 25th EUBCE.

[PT] Cerimónia de reconhecimento público da MOBINOV - Associação do Cluster Automóvel realizou-se a 23 de fevereiro, no Pátio da Galé. O Instituto Superior Técnico é membro da MOBINOV, estando representado pelo IN+.

Catarina Matos and Miguel Amaral, researchers at IN+, have been awarded with "Best Presentation Award" by the 19th International Conference on Management, Finance and Entrepreneurship Program Committee with a paper titled: An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurial Satisfaction among Older Founders.

Catarina Matos and Miguel Amaral have been awarded with "Best Presentation Award" by the 19th International Conference on Management, Finance and Entrepreneurship Program Committee with a paper titled: An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurial Satisfaction among Older Founders.

[PT] Investigadora do IN+ recebe Medalha de Honra L’Oreal Portugal para as Mulheres na Ciência.

Jaime Bonnín Roca and his supervisor at IN+ Professor Joana Mendonça co-authored an article for MIT Sloan Management Review. Please contact us if you would like to access the complete article.

The European Researchers' Nights is a Europe-wide public initiative that organizes different events dedicated to popular science and fun learning. All the events took place simultaneously across Europe. From IN+, Webmap was exhibited by Samuel Niza and Alexandre Amado; Henrique Pombeiro represented the project Energy Efficiency.

A complete compilation of what has been written about the process of evaluation for research units, both in Portugal and abroad, edited by five portugueses researchers. The black book is comprised of opinion articles, press releases and news pieces published between 2014 and 2015 about the evaluation performed by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT).

[PT] Por Manuel Heitor, Alexandre Quintanilha, Fernanda Rollo, João Sentieiro, Rosalia Vargas

"No aniversário do nascimento de José Mariano Gago, a 16 Maio, lembrar o seu legado ímpar, a nível nacional e internacional, é apelar à mobilização colectiva para a construção de um futuro com mais conhecimento..." In Expresso, 16 de Maio de 2015

[PT] "Cumprem-se 25 anos sobre a apresentação pública do Manifesto que José Mariano Gago lançou para a Ciência em Portugal. Combinando o tom de um manifesto e a reflexão de um ensaio, sobressai a assertividade, reivindicando quatro enunciados essenciais: A Ciência como Desafio Social, Romper o Isolamento Social, Renovar a Educação Científica, Criar Cultura Científica."

[PT] Experiência é considerada “valiosa” pelos empregadores em Portugal, concluem investigadores das universidades de Coimbra, Groningen e CBS.